Acne
Acne is caused when the ducts of the sebaceous (oil) glands become clogged with debris, bacteria and dead skin cells. The skin then becomes affected as whiteheads and blackheads appear just below the surface of the skin.
Acne is a common skin problem for teenagers and those in their twenties. Acne usually affects the face, chest, shoulders, upper back, and can range from an occasional blemish to very severe scarring.
How to control acne
- Wash regularly with mild soap. Surface oil, dead skin and dirt can be removed sufficiently if skin is washed one or twice a day. Always wash before bedtime and more often during the warmer summer months.
- Shampoo regularly. Oily hair adds to skin surface oil. It also contributes to clogging the surface of the pores.
- Avoid oil-based make-up. Oil-based make-up can make acne worse by plugging pores. Water-based make-up may work better for those with skin problems.
- Watch your diet. There are no specific foods that have been linked to acne but skin will benefit from a healthy diet.
- Read product labels. Non-comedogenic products are best because they won't clog pores. Some suntan products come specifically made for faces.
- Avoid squeezing pimples. This may cause permanent scarring.
Which medications should I use?
The most common acne preparations include:
- Keratolytic - loosens and increases shedding of keratin and sebum.
- Abrasive - roughens and removes outermost layers of the skin; prevents formation of whiteheads and blackheads.
- Astringent - removes surface oils and dirt. It does not close or constrict pores.
- Soap - removes surface oils and dirt.
Nonprescription medications include benzoyl peroxide. It is available in 2.5% and 5%.
Antibiotic therapy and, for women, birth control pills, are other choices for treatment. Contact CR DOC to schedule an appointment to find out more about antibiotic and other acne therapies.
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Allergies
The Cause
An allergy is an abnormal response of the body's natural immune system. The immune system is a protective mechanism which identifies potentially harmful invaders, such as viruses or bacteria, and attacks them by producing antibodies. When this reaction is abnormally caused by other substances (allergens) such as pollen or dust, the symptoms of an allergy may appear.
The Symptoms
Sneezing, itchy eyes, and wheezing are the common symptoms of "hay fever," the most prevalent type of allergy. These symptoms are also associated with colds and other disorders, complicating the diagnosis of allergies. More serious symptoms include asthma, eczema, hives, or acute anaphylaxis, a life-threatening violent reaction to an allergen such as insect stings or to certain drugs such as penicillin.
The list of possible causes of allergies is endless. The more common ones are dust, pollen, feathers, cosmetics, drugs, foods, and molds. Some, like pollen, are seasonal in nature while others are not.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Skin testing, the injecting of very small amounts of suspected allergen into the skin, is the most reliable way to identify the causes of "hay fever" allergies. There is no indication that other allergens can be effectively tested in this way.
The most common treatments for hay fever include medications which contain antihistamines (drugs that counteract the effects of the allergic process) and immunotherapy (a series of desensitization shots). Treatments for asthma and eczema are less predictable and require more attention. Any program of treatment should be prescribed by a physician. Contact CR DOC to schedule an appointment if you would like to be treated for an allergy or if you have any questions.
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The Common Cold
Description/Symptoms
The common cold is usually caused by a virus that leads to infection in the nose, throat, sinuses, ears, eustachian tubes, trachea, larynx or bronchial tubes. These colds are contagious and are more frequent during winter. A sick roommate and crowded living conditions can increase the risk of catching a cold. Symptoms include runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, low fever, hoarseness, fatigue, appetite loss and watering eyes.
To avoid colds, wash your hands frequently, especially after blowing your nose or handling food. Be sure to eat a healthy diet that includes a lot of vitamin C.
Treatment
Non-prescription drugs such as decongestants, acetaminophen, cough medicine and sore throat lozenges can be used to relieve symptoms. While these drugs can reduce symptoms, there are no drugs that cure the common cold.
Contact CR DOC to schedule an appointment if:
- fever exists for several days or is over 101 degrees Fahrenheit;
- throat pain increases, or yellow or white spots appear in throat;
- cough produces thick, yellow-green or gray sputum;
- cough lasts longer than 10 days;
- you have difficulty breathing between coughing episodes;
- the glands in the neck become enlarged or tender.
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Influenza Respiratory (Type A)
The flu is a highly contagious, acute infection transmitted by respiratory route (coughing, saliva, etc.). The incubation period is 2-4 days. It usually begins quite suddenly with fever, headache, chills, muscle/joint ache, chest soreness, non-productive cough, runny nose, sore throat, and occasional nausea. The fever can last 2-7 days (usually 3-5 days).
The basic treatment is:
- Bed rest until the fever is gone.
- Increase liquid intake 3-4 quarts a day. 8 oz. every hour - avoid alcohol and caffeine. Stir carbonation out of soda pop. Choose liquids like juices with calories rather than just water.
- Eat nutritious, light foods, i.e. soups, breads, cooked vegetables, fruits, baked or broiled meats, rice potatoes.
- Use Tylenol for fever and aches.
- Use decongestants such as Sudafed or expectorant cough syrups such as Robitussin DM.
Some prescription medications can shorten the duration of symptoms if taken within the first 48 hours. Unfortunately, other antibiotics are not effective against the flu virus.
However, there are sometimes complications from the flu called secondary infections, which may require antibiotic therapy. These are usually sinus, ear, or lung infections (i.e. bronchitis or pneumonia).
If you do not improve after 4-5 days of illness, contact CR DOC to schedule an appointment.
Is it the FLU or just a COLD? |
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Headaches
The two most common types of headaches are Tension Headaches and Migraine Headaches.
Most headaches are tension headaches, with pain usually coming from the muscles in the neck and scalp. The pain is usually in the forehead and on the sides of the head in front of the ears, and can also involve the neck and shoulders. These headaches are often brought on by stress. To treat tension headaches, take a moment to relax. Take a hot bath or shower and massage shoulders, neck, jaw and scalp. Sometimes an ice pack applied to the painful areas can help. Lie down if possible. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprophen and naproxen my be used.
Migraine headaches usually occur on one side of the head and are very intense. They are often accompanied by other symptoms including nausea, vomiting and visual problems and can last up to 72 hours. Migraine headaches are more common in women. To treat a migraine headache, apply a cold cloth to your head and lie down in a dark, quiet room. Minimize noise, light and odors and do not read. Acetaminophen, aspirin, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprophen and naproxen can help ease the pain. A wide variety of medications can be prescribed for migraine symptoms and prevention.
Any severe headache or headaches that occur frequently should be checked, if you are experiencing such headaches, you need to contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment.
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Mono
What is Infectious Mononucleosis?
Infectious mononucleosis (mono) is an illness that can be caused by several agents but is most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). EBV is usually in the body for 30 - 50 days before an infected person develops symptoms. Common early symptoms can include feeling rundown, loss of appetite, and slight headaches. Acute symptoms usually become apparent after three to five days. These may include sore throat, fatigue, swollen glands, fever, muscle aches, and sometimes a skin rash. Not all of these symptoms are present in every case, however.
How do I know if I have mono?
Having some or all of the symptoms listed above does not necessarily mean that you have mono. It would be wise, however, to visit the Student Health Service to evaluate your condition and possibly test you for mono antibodies. It is often necessary to wait until you have been sick for five to seven days before enough mono antibodies enter the blood at detectable levels.
How did I get mono?
Mono is spread through saliva. It can be hard to tell who passed the infection to you because only about a third of the people who become infected with EBV develop classic mono. An uninfected person who never gets ill can unknowingly give the virus to others. People who have had mono can still have the virus in their saliva long after the illness is over. The virus can be present in the saliva for 30 - 45 days and in some it can appear on-and-off for up to 18 months.
How is mono treated
Since mono is a viral disease, antibiotics are not useful in treating it. There are no shots or pills that can cure mono but proper care should be taken when you are sick. Treatment should include adequate rest and acetaminophen can be taken for fever, sore throat, and other aches and pains.
If your spleen is enlarged, your doctor may recommend stool softeners to prevent constipation. This will also reduce the risk of a ruptured spleen caused by straining.
Length of illness varies greatly from person to person. Mild cases will not need bed rest. Most people with mild cases can go about their usual activities because the only effects of the disease are enlarged lymph nodes, blood changes, and perhaps minor sore throats and fatigue. More serious cases can keep people in bed for up to two weeks.
The most important things to do while recovering are to get proper rest, eat well, and take good care of yourself. Even if the illness is gone in a few weeks, it may take longer to get back to your normal energy level.
If you think you are suffering from Mono, contact CR DOC today andschedule an appointment.
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Sore Throat
Description/Symptoms
Inflammation and pain in the throat can be caused by different bacterial and viral infections, such as strep throat and mono. Most sore throats are contagious and affect people of all ages. Symptoms include rapid onset of throat pain, throat pain that worsens with swallowing, appetite loss, headache, chills, fever, swollen lymph glands in the neck, headache and ear pain.
Treatment
Only bacterial sore throats, like a strep throat, respond to antibiotics; viral sore throats do not benefit from antibiotics. To find out if your sore throat is caused by a bacterial infection, a throat culture is necessary, which can be done at the Student Health Service. Treatment for a bacterial sore throat, such as a strep throat, usually includes penicillin or other antibiotics. Increase fluid intake and use acetaminophen, ibuprofen or naproxen to decrease the pain.
Contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment if:
- you or a roommate has symptoms of either strep throat or tonsillitis.
- symptoms worsen
- temperature is normal for 1 to 2 days and then fever returns.
- new symptoms appear, such as nausea, vomiting, headache, skin rash, cough, chest pain, or shortness of breath.
- joints become painful or red.
- cough produces a discolored (green, yellow, brown or bloody) sputum.
- there is a convulsion.
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Sports Injuries
Click on the following common sports injuries to get more information:
Tennis Elbow
Many racquet players and golfers have trouble with this condition. The injury involves the tendons attached to the muscles that extend (bend back) the wrist and fingers. A small tendon arising from a very small area of bone at the elbow connects to the large extending (extensor) muscles of the forearm. After repetitive use of these extensor muscles, the tendon becomes overworked and inflamed. This produces the pain on the outside of the elbow. The same thing happens to the golfer's elbow except that it involves the tendons that attach to the forearm muscles that flex the wrist and fingers (flexors). The pain here is on the inside of the elbow.
Treatment may include a rest from your particular game. Don't aggravate the condition by continuing activity, especially if you experience pain. Ice your elbow three times a day for 20 minutes in the early painful stage and for 15 minutes after active use of your arm. Stretching will help prevent stiffness by breaking down any scar tissue that may result from inflammation. Your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory/analgesic medication or an injection of local anesthetic to help relieve inflammation and pain and may also recommend the use of a brace. Surgery is rarely required.
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Knee Pain
Knee pain is very common among athletes. Studies have shown that the patellofemoral syndrome comprises up to fifty percent of overuse injuries. This syndrome is caused by an irritation of the undersurface of the patella (kneecap), which is normally smooth. The irritation may lead to a roughening of the patella undersurface, a condition called chondromalacia. The patella moves up and down in a shallow groove formed by the femur (thigh bone) and its covering ligaments. The pain is caused when increasing tension gradually increases the pressure between the patella and femur.
Rest may be necessary when the knee is swollen and painful. Let the pain be your guide and avoid aggravating activities. Ice your knee for 20 minutes two or three times a day and following sporting activities. Your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory/analgesic medication to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. You can also do exercises that will stretch, strengthen, and balance the muscles that control the patella in the groove.
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Lower Back Disorders
It is common for both active and inactive people to experience pain in the lower back. It can stem from structural problems and problems in the function of the back or it can come from conditions unrelated to the back. Most back pain is caused by one or more of the following: facet joint syndrome, disc degeneration, or overloaded connective tissue. Dr. Cagle can explain these conditions and tell you which you have.
Total bed rest may be necessary for severe back problems. To reduce the pain, use ice or light massage. Moist heat may reduce later stiffness. Depending on the problem, your doctor may recommend physical therapy, weight loss, drugs, braces or surgery. Contact CR DOC or schedule an appointment for more information.
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Shoulder Bursitis and Tendenitis
Shoulder bursitis/tendinitis is a common overuse injury in sports where the arm is used in an overhead motion (i.e., swimming, baseball). The pain is usually felt at the tip of the shoulder and referred down the deltoid muscle into the upper arm. It occurs when the arm is lifted overhead or twisted. Bursitis occurs when the bursa becomes inflamed and painful as surrounding muscles move over it. Tendinitis occurs when tendon sheaths surrounding and lubricating the tendons become inflamed, swollen, and tender.
When symptoms are present, avoid the activity that started the problem. Apply ice to your shoulder at least twice a day for 20 minutes. After activity, apply ice for 15 minutes. Your doctor may prescribe physical therapy to strengthen the shoulder and prevent recurrence. Medication may also be prescribed including anti-inflammatory/ analgesic medication to relieve pain. Cortisone injections may also be recommended. When you return to your sport, go back slowly. Warm up well and do range-of-motion exercises.
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Ankle Sprain
Ankle sprains are very common ankle injuries, usually the result of the ankle turning in. An ankle sprain occurs when a ligament connecting bones or cartilage of the ankle is ruptured or torn. Sprains are very painful and incapacitating and can develop into a chronic problem. If treated quickly and properly, however, ankle sprains can heal well, allowing a safe and early return to activity.
To reduce pain and swelling, ice the ankle for 20 minutes every two hours. An elastic bandage wrapped around the ankle may also limit swelling. Elevate ankle as much as possible. Tape, a splint, or a cast may be applied to immobilize the ankle depending on the injury. Your doctor may also prescribe anti-inflammatory medication to relieve pain and to reduce swelling and inflammation. Walk on the ankle when it feels comfortable. Crutches can be used as partial support. Let pain be your guide as to how much activity is enough. An ankle sprain will cause stiffness after the injury. It is important to maintain the full range of motion in your ankle. Contact CR DOC or schedule an appointment for more information.
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Stress, Sleep, and Mood Concerns
Click on the following areas to get more information on each topic:
Stress and Anxiety
It is important to understand that life's experiences do not directly cause stress - but how you interpret or think about them does. Constant or recurring stress contributes to physical diseases, emotional and mental problems, interpersonal difficulties, and other personal or social problems.
Anxiety is an uneasy feeling of anticipated danger or impending doom which may have no real or understood cause. Some degree of anxiety is a normal part of our everyday lives and proves beneficial in real or life threatening situations. It is when these anxious feelings overtake us in non-threatening situations that they begin to affect our daily living. Living with unexplainable fear is physically and emotionally unhealthy. However, anxiety is treatable because it stems from your personal view of a situation, not necessarily from reality.
Anxiety causes the release of hormones into the blood causing faster heart beat, rapid breathing, higher blood pressure and increased alertness. Other symptoms may include dry mouth, choking sensation, shakiness, jumpiness, tension, sweating, diarrhea, upset stomach, nausea, and constipation.
When anxiety reaches a disabling point or begins to interfere with daily life, it may become necessary to seek professional help. If you are suffering from Stress and Anxiety, Contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment today.
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Depression
Depression is a serious disorder of mood which can cause lowering of a person's functions, interfere with relationships and in some cases, even death. Early recognition of depressive symptoms can dramatically improve the course of this illness. Depression is characterized by symptoms including loss of energy, loss of interest in usual activities and hobbies, and a general loss of pleasure from anything. Withdrawal from friends and family is common. Difficulty concentrating and lessened sexual desire may also be present. As depression progresses, the individual often assumes a negative outlook on life and begins to feel hopelessness. He/she may also have thoughts of suicide.
Problems in interpersonal relationships, unresolved conflicts and chemical imbalances can all cause depression. A combination of psychotherapy and medication can be used to treat depression. Proper diagnosis is necessary to determine the best way to proceed. CR DOC can help you with diagnosis, medication and counseling. If you are suffering from Depression, Contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment today.
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Insomnia
Sleep disturbances that include difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, waking up often and waking up early in the morning are all signs of insomnia. Insomnia can be caused by many things including depression, over activity of the thyroid gland, anxiety, daytime napping and many others.
Insomnia can be treated by minimizing stress and by learning relaxation techniques. Reduce caffeine intake for several hours before bedtime. Set a rigid sleep schedule and use ear plugs, eye shades or an electric blanket to make sleep more comfortable. Exercise regularly and not within two hours of going to bed. Eating within three hours of bedtime may disturb sleep. Sleep-inducing drugs may be prescribed for a short time. Long-term use of sleeping pills may be counter-productive and addictive. If you insomnia persists, Contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment today.
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Stomach and Intestinal Disorders
Click on the following areas to get more information on each topic:
Diarrhea
Diarrhea is characterized by loose, watery or unformed bowel movements that can be caused by viral, parasitic, or bacterial infections. Symptoms include cramping abdominal pain, lack of bowel control and fever. You may be more at risk for diarrhea if you suffer from acute stress, excess alcohol consumption, excess intake of certain foods, such as prunes or beans, food allergy, recent illness or crowded or unsanitary living conditions.
For minor discomfort, you may use non-prescription drugs such as Pepto-Bismol or loperamide (brand name Imodium-AD). Place warm compresses or a heating pad on abdomen if cramps are present. Decrease activity until diarrhea stops. Avoid alcohol, caffeine, milk and dairy products. If you are not nauseated, drink small amounts of herbal tea, broth, 7-UP, Sprite or Gatorade until diarrhea stops. After the symptoms subside, eat soft foods, such as rice, yogurt, Jell-O. Resume a normal diet 2 or 3 days after diarrhea stops. Avoid alcohol, seasoned foods, and fruit for several days.
Contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment if diarrhea lasts longer that 48 hours, if severe pain develops in the abdomen or rectum, if fever rises to 101 degrees Fahrenheit, or if mucus, blood or worms appear in the stool.
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Giardiasis
Giardiasis is a bowel infection caused by a parasite found in contaminated water. Often a person has no symptoms. Diarrhea and abdominal cramping may appear suddenly and may be accompanied by slight fever and weight loss. Sometimes these symptoms may persist for several weeks or months. Crowded or unsanitary living conditions and drinking stream water increase risk. If you are unsure that water is safe to drink, boil it to be sure or use chemical purifiers.
Medicine can be prescribed to treat giardia, but prevention is the best treatment. Always be suspicious of water when you are away from normal water supplies. Non-prescription drugs for gastrointestinal problems may mask symptoms. Antiparasite drugs such as quinacrine or metronidazole may be effective. Maintain fluid intake (at least 8 glasses of water or liquid per day).
Contact CR DOC and schedule an appointment if you or someone you know has symptoms of giardiasis or if new symptoms develop.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of the colon. Even though it is very uncomfortable, IBS does not lead to any other diseases and can be successfully managed. IBS often peaks at times of emotional distress. Symptoms include alternating constipation and diarrhea, episodes of cramping with spasmodic abdominal pain, bloating, and excessive gas.
The most effective way to manage IBS is to identify the triggering factors that worsen the symptoms. Controlling these factors is the first step in treatment of IBS. Most physicians recommend a high fiber, low fat diet. Caffeine should also be avoided. Antispasmodic or antianxiety drugs may be prescribed if other methods of controlling IBS are ineffective. Medications can also be used to treat symptoms of diarrhea and gas.
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Abdominal Pain
There are several organs and structures in the abdomen, and each of them can cause abdominal pain, and sorting out the cause can sometimes be difficult. You should be examined at CR DOC or in the Emergency Room at the hospital if you develop abdominal pain and:
- It lasts more than two hours
- It is getting worse
- You have diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever or chills
- You have vaginal or rectal bleeding
- You have missed a period
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